REGISTRATIONS Registration of ‘ Canmore ’ Barley

Interest has been growing in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars that meet the specialized needs of a diverse marketplace while still providing producers with robust, high-yielding types. In response to this challenge, the Alberta Barley Commission worked closely with Sanwa Shurui Co., Ltd. and the Field Crop Development Centre (FCDC) to develop selection criteria in barley for shochu production. Shochu is a popular alcoholic beverage in Japan. As part of the project, ‘Canmore’ (Reg. No. CV-366, PI 685640; Canadian Food Inspection Agency Reg. No. 7392; Canadian PBR Appl. No. 5237), a two-rowed, hulled, spring barley for food and general purpose uses, was developed. Canmore was derived using single seed descent from one F2 seed to a F5 headrow. It was tested as J02039005 in FCDC trials from 2004 to 2012 and as TR10694 in Prairie Recommending Committee for Oat and Barley trials in 2010 and 2011. It was registered in Canada as Canmore. Canmore has excellent pearling properties, starch content, and alcohol yield for shochu production. It is resistant to surface-borne and loose smuts, moderately resistant to scald and spot form of net blotch, and intermediately resistant to common root rot, spot blotch, and Fusarium head blight. Canmore has good potential in the food barley market for shochu as well as good yield, disease resistance, and agronomic traits for general production in the northern Great Plains.

S hochu is a popular alcoholic beverage in Japan.It can be made from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.), sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.), or other starch sources.Characterization of the requirements of barley for the production of shochu was determined during an initial study conducted by the Alberta Barley Commission (ABC).At the completion of the initial study, it was thought that it would be possible to further improve barley if selection could be made for desirable traits.Therefore, ABC initiated a project entitled the Multi-Purpose High Starch Shochu Barley Selection Program, with funding from the Canadian Agricultural Adaptation Program (CAAP).While the principal objective was to identify lines with superior traits for shochu, it was felt that a cultivar developed for this market would also have potential for malt or feed end uses due to its high starch content, a priority requirement for the shochu market.
'Canmore' barley (Reg.No. CV-366; PI 685640; Canadian Food Inspection Agency [CFIA] Reg.No. 7392; Canadian PBR No. 5237) is a two-rowed, hulled, spring barley for food and general purpose uses developed by the Field Crop Development Centre (FCDC).It was tested in Canada as J02039005 in FCDC trials from 2004 to 2012 and as TR10694 in the 2010 and 2011 Western Cooperative Two-row Barley Registration Tests (Coop) run under the auspices of the Prairie Recommending Committee for Oat and Barley (PRCOB).It was supported for registration by the PRCOB in February 2013 and registered in Canada as Canmore by the CFIA on 31 May 2013.It was granted Plant Breeders Rights in Canada by the CFIA on 4 Feb.2016.Canmore is the first two-rowed, hulled, spring cultivar recognized as a food barley by the Canadian Grain Commission (2017).
Canmore is derived from the cross H92013289Z/'Ponoka'. H92013289Z was derived from the cross of 'AC Oxbow'/'CDC Thompson'.AC Oxbow (TR226) is a two-rowed, hulled barley for malting developed by D. Metcalfe and B. Legge, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), from the cross TR233/ WPG8020//WPG823/TR222.AC Oxbow was tested in the 1987, 1988, and 1989 Coop trials and supported for interim registration in Canada in 1990and full registration in 1994(CFIA, 2017a).CDC Thompson (TR129) was granted interim registration in 1994 and full registration in 1999 and is a two-rowed, hulled, semidwarf, spring barley for malting developed by B. Harvey and B. Rossnagel (CFIA, 2017g).While it had a short life as a malting barley, it has had a long life as a feed cultivar due to its good straw strength and moderate resistance to scald [caused by Rhynchosporium commune Zaffarano, McDonald and Linde sp.nov., formerly Rhynchosporium secalis (Oudem.)J.J. Davis].Ponoka is a two-rowed, hulled, spring barley for general purpose use developed by Juskiw et al. (2005).Ponoka was selected from the cross H92001F 1 /TR229.H92001F 1 was the F 1 generation of the cross 'Harrington'/'Camelot' made at the FCDC.Harrington is a two-rowed, hulled, spring barley for malting developed at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada (Harvey and Rossnagel, 1984).Camelot is a two-rowed, hulled, spring barley introduced to the FCDC as entry 19 in the 13th International Barley Yield Trial supplied by the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA)/International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Mexico (F. Capettini, personal communication, 2003).

Breeding Method
The original cross for Canmore was made in 2002.The F 2 bulk was grown in the field at Lacombe, AB, Canada, in 2003.Two hundred spikes were selected on the basis of a visual assessment and advanced to the F 5 generation in the J.H. Helm Growth Facility during winter 2003-2004 via single seed descent, with no further selection.Two hundred F 5 headrows were grown out in the field at Lacombe in summer 2004, from which the line J02039005 was selected on the basis of resistance to scald and smut (caused by Ustilago spp.), quality (protein and other traits based on near infrared spectroscopy [NIRS] analyses [Helm, 2006]), and agronomic traits (straw strength, maturity).The headrows were inoculated by spreading diseaseinfested straw that had been collected from a field infested with scald in the previous year.In 2005, the line designated as J02039005 was tested in a nonreplicated yield plot at Lacombe.In this year, two heads per plot were inoculated with U. nuda using the air-brush technique (Wolfe, 1993).These heads were harvested and grown out in the growth room during winter to determine resistance.Locations in all years were Calmar, Morrin, Lacombe (high fertility site, low fertility site, second date of seeding site), Trochu, and Olds (the Olds site was lost to hail in 2012).The high fertility site was planted into alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) plow down with over 90 kg ha -1 of N, while the low fertility site was planted after a cereal crop, with between 40 and 50 kg ha -1 of N. The second date of seeding site was planted 2 to 3 wk after the other sites.Plots were eight rows, 0.15-m spacing, and trimmed to 2.7 m before harvest.Layout was a randomized complete block (RCBD) with two replications in 2006 and three replications in all subsequent years.Yield, test weight, kernel weight, percentage plump kernels, days to anthesis, days to maturity, height, and lodging of this line were evaluated in these tests.Data from FCDC trials were analyzed using PROC ANOVA of SAS software (SAS Institute).Each site of the field trial data was analyzed as a RCBD and kept as valid if test coefficients of variation for yield were <15%.Lodging data was assessed at most sites, but significant differential lodging was only noted at nine locations, so data was entered into the data set only from these locations.These data were stored in the Field Crop Data Miner, a customized system for data storage and analyses based on SAS software, so that data could be reanalyzed over locations and years.Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS with years, locations, and lines as fixed effects.

Line Evaluation
From  root rot was assessed in single row plots in the root rot screening nursery at AAFC Lacombe.Loose smut assessment was done in the field by inoculation using the air-brush technique developed by Wolfe (1993).The inoculated heads were harvested, and the seed was grown out in growth rooms during the following winter.This evaluation was done twice, once in 2005 and again in 2009.Covered smut was evaluated in field nurseries at Lacombe in 2007 and again in 2009, by vacuum infiltration of teliospores under the hull of the seed, as originally reported by Fischer and Holton (1957) and Nielsen (1976), with inoculum provided by Dr. J. Menzies, AAFC Morden Research and Development Centre.
At the ICARDA/CIMMYT Centre in Mexico, J02039005 was assessed in field nurseries for scald, leaf rust (caused by Puccinia hordei G. Otth.), stripe rust (caused by P. striiformis Westend, f. sp.hordei Eriks.), and FHB.Scald assessment was done at the Toluca site, where inoculation was by spore suspension.Leaf rust was assessed at the Ciudad Obregón site, where inoculation was done by spore suspension application to spreader rows.Stripe rust was assessed at the Toluca site and was dependent on natural inoculation.We assessed FHB in inoculated plots in 2006 at the Toluca site and from 2007 to 2010 at the El Batán site.Plots were inoculated using spore suspensions.
J02039005 was tested for water use efficiency (WUE) as described by Juskiw et al. (2009a).Assessments were made on a yearly basis from 2008 to 2011.The two-rowed checks were 'AC Metcalfe' (Legge et al., 2003) and 'Xena' (CFIA, 2017j).The assessment protocol for WUE using pots with limited watering was validated by Anyia et al. (2007) using field and 13 C techniques.
Determination of silage potential was made as described by Juskiw et al. (2009a).Biomass yield was measured from 2008 to 2011 in trials grown at Lacombe.The checks were 'Seebe' (Helm et al., 1996) and Xena.Quality was determined on ground samples using previously developed NIRS calibrations.
Based on yield, disease, and quality data, J02039005 was entered into the Coop trials as TR10694 (see PRCOB [2016] for the protocols for running the Coop trials).Check cultivars for the tests were established on a yearly basis by the PRCOB.Field trials were run as three replicate RCBD.The test coordinator of the two-row coop ran ANOVA on each site, and sites were maintained in the roll-ups if yield CVs were less than 15%.Least significant differences at a = 0.05 were determined by the test coordinator based on their software or calculated from standard errors of the means provided with the trial results.As part of the cooperative assessment, disease evaluations were performed (PRCOB, 2016).In addition to the Coop trials, TR10694 was included in one year of Collaborative trials coordinated by the Brewing and Malting Barley Research Institute.Five sites were selected for micro-malting, and data were rolled-up and SDs determined.Details of the statistical analyses can be found in PRCOB (2016).

Shochu Evaluation
Samples from the Coop and Collaborative trials were collected for the CAAP shochu project.Samples from 2010 and 2011 were sent to Japan for standard analyses of shochu production at Sanwa Shurui Co. Ltd.Hardness, weight, moisture, and diameter of individual kernels were measured using a Perten Instruments single-kernel characterization system (SKCS) device.Pearling to 70% of the initial weight was conducted using the Satake Test Mill-05.The pearling test was performed using 150 g of hulled barley sample per location.When pearled to 65% of the initial weight, broken kernels are separated from sound kernels.Both subsamples were weighed, and the yield and the broken kernel ratio (BKR) were calculated according to the following formulas: Yield % = 100 × [sound kernels (g)/150] BKR % = 100 × {broken kernels (g)/[sound kernels (g) + broken kernels (g)]} Moisture, starch, and protein content of the pearled samples were determined using standard methods.Moisture content was determined by weighing the pearled grain sample before drying, drying the sample in an oven at 105 C for 12 h, following by cooling in a desiccator, weighing dry and calculating as follows: After pearling, the samples were steeped to a moisture content of approximately 35%.After that, they were steamed to change the structure of the barley starch.Then, a type of mold, taxonomically classified as Aspergillus luchuensis mut.kawachii, was inoculated on the steamed barley to make barley Koji.
Koji acidity was determined by titration with 0.1 mol L -1 of NaOH.The acidity value was equal to the volume of titrant.Koji total conversion power was calculated by determination of the digestion and saccharification values.The Koji digestion test was done by preheating 100 mL of deionized water to 55 C° in a water bath.Then, 30 g of Koji was added into the bottle, and the lid was sealed tightly.The bottle was incubated at 55 C° for 5 h and swirled thoroughly every 30 min.The solution was filtered with gauze into a volumetric cylinder after the solution stood for 30 min.This measurement was the volume (A).Then the Brix value (°Bx) of the filtered solution (saccharification value) was determined using a standard method.The digestion value and the saccharification value were determined according to the following formulas: Koji total conversion power = digestion value × saccharification value Digestion value = (A) × 100/{100 + [(moisture% of Koji/100) × 30]} Saccharification value = °Bx/[(100-moisture% of Koji)/100] Mash alcohol yield was determined at the end of fermentation.The Koji was mixed with water and shochu yeast in a fermentation tank.The mixture was fermented for approximately 5 d, and then the mash was transferred to a larger tank and mixed with more water and steamed barley.The mash was fermented further for 10 d until the final alcohol content of the mash was 18 to 20%.A sensory test on the resultant shochu was conducted using a five-point evaluation method with 19 trained panelists in 2010 and 16 in 2011.The panelists scored the shochu for aroma and taste using a scale of 1 to 5, where 1 is very good, 2 is good, 3 is fair, 4 is poor, and 5 is bad.

Seed Purification and Increase
In 2006, an increase plot was established from the 2005 yield plot and 300 heads were selected as described in the line description (i.e., two-rowed, rough awned, spike traits [density, attitude, and length], and any other distinguishing traits), then threshed and grown out as a bulk increase in 2007.In 2007, 200 heads were selected for type and then grown out as 200 head rows in 2008.These purification increases were run for removal of variants and to compile detailed descriptions (i.e., seedling traits, vegetative traits, spike traits, and seed traits).In 2008, five heads were picked from each row, one to provide the source for the pre-breeder headrow nursery that was grown in 2009 and the remainder as backup to reconstitute the breeder seed if required.All off-type rows with smut were discarded.One hundred ninety-two F 11 breeder head rows and plots were grown out in 2010.Of these rows and plots, all were selected to be harvested, and seed was bulked to form the first breeder seed grown out in 2011.

Unique Characteristics
In the 3 yr of FCDC yield trials for cultivar comparison, Canmore was the second highest yielding cultivar, with a yield advantage of 17% over AC Metcalfe and yield equal to Xena (Table 1).Canmore reached anthesis around the same time as AC Metcalfe and Xena.Canmore had intermediate maturity and was not significantly later or earlier than any of the other cultivars tested.
Kernel weight of Canmore was heavier than that of AC Metcalfe.Canmore was a high test weight cultivar, with higher test weight than the malting checks AC Metcalfe and 'CDC Copeland' (CFIA, 2017d).Percentage of plump kernels for Canmore was higher than for AC Metcalfe and CDC Copeland.
Canmore has intermediate height, intermediate-low lodging rating, and intermediate WUE when based on biomass or grain yield.
2017 g).Canmore also had low protein, but this was significant only with Xena.Therefore, Canmore combines high biomass yields with good quality that would make it an excellent choice as a forage barley.
In the 2010 and 2011 Coop trials, Canmore had higher yields than the malting check cultivars AC Metcalfe and CDC Copeland and similar yields to the feed check Xena (Table 3).Days to heading for Canmore were slightly later than the check cultivars Xena and AC Metcalfe but earlier than CDC Copeland.Its maturity was later than the three checks.Its height was shorter than CDC Copeland and similar to the other two check cultivars.Canmore's lodging score (1-9 scale) was lower than the malting checks and similar to Xena's.The average test weight for Canmore was heavier than for the malting checks and similar to Xena.Canmore had a heavier kernel than the malting check cultivars but was lighter than Xena.Canmore had an average kernel plumpness of 95%, higher than all the checks.This combination of high yield, good lodging resistance, and good kernel traits mean that this cultivar would be an excellent choice for general feed production.
The Disease Evaluation Team of the PRCOB rated Canmore as resistant to the surface-borne smuts and true loose smut (Table 4).Canmore was rated as moderately resistant to the spot form of net blotch but moderately susceptible to the net form (caused by P. teres forma teres).Canmore was scored as having intermediate resistance to FHB (scab), common root rot, and spot blotch.Canmore was graded as moderately susceptible to stem rust (caused by P. graminis Pers.f. sp.tritici Erikss.and Henn).Canmore was evaluated as susceptible to septoria speckled leaf blotch (caused by Septoria passerinii Sacc.).
Canmore was evaluated by the Barley Quality Evaluation Team (BQET) of the PRCOB on attributes that would make it suitable for the new Canadian Grain Commission (August 2012) food grades.In the Coop tests, the BQET noted that Canmore had higher percentage plump kernels and heavier kernels than the checks (Table 3).In the 2 yr of testing by Sanwai Shurui Co, Ltd., Canmore showed good pearling, Koji, and shochu characteristics (Table 5).Canmore was similar to the check AC Metcalfe for kernel hardness and in 2011 met the expected pearling yield of being >60%.Starch content of the       pearled barley was higher than AC Metcalfe and protein content was less.The acidity of the Koji was >4, and total conversion power >1300, which are the minimum acceptable levels.Alcohol percentage and yield in the shochu made from these samples of Canmore were higher than for the shochu made from AC Metcalfe.In the sensory evaluation, aroma and taste scores for the shochu made from Canmore were lower than those for the shochu made from AC Metcalfe, indicating that shochu made from Canmore was more pleasing to the palate.

Morphological Description
As a seedling, Canmore has a semi-erect growth habit with a white coleoptile of intermediate length.The leaf sheath and blade of Canmore are glabrous and green at both the seedling and booting stages.By the booting stage, the leaves do not have a waxy appearance, although the flag leaf has a pronounced waxy bloom.Its flag leaf is glabrous and of medium length and narrow width, with an erect attitude.The auricles of Canmore are purple colored and glabrous.After heading, the stem of Canmore is exerted 3 to 10 cm.The stem is of medium thickness and medium green color.The collar is platform shaped and the culm neck is straight.The spike is parallel in shape, of medium density and length, with a horizontal attitude and slight waxiness.When looking at the side of the spike, the sterile spikelets of Canmore are weakly divergent from the rachis.The first rachis internode is short with a slight curve.The rachis margin is strongly pubescent.The glumes are medium long with a band of medium-length glume hairs at the base of the glume.The glume awns are rough and equal in length to the glume.The awn tip color is purple.The lemma awns are longer than the spike, are rough, have a green tip, and their lateral veins are glabrous.The lemma nerve color is green.The kernel has a midlong rachilla with long rachilla hairs.The kernel has a colorless (yellow/white) aleurone and is of medium length and width with a horseshoe basal marking.The lodicules are frontal.# DON, deoxynivalenol.† † Ratings range of 0 to 5, where 5 = susceptible.‡ ‡ IT = infection type on seedlings using the modified Cobb scale (Peterson et al., 1948).§ § Less than 10 plants, or DNG = did not grow.

Conclusion
Canmore is the first food barley released in Canada with potential for the shochu market.With excellent yield, disease resistance, and quality traits, Canmore should be an excellent choice for producers who wish to grow a barley for food, feed, or forage in the barley growing areas of the Great Plains.

Availability
Breeder seed of Canmore will be maintained by the Field Crop Development Centre, Lacombe, AB, Canada.Application for variety protection was granted for Canmore.Prior to termination of plant breeder's rights or 20 years from deposit in the USDA-ARS National Plant Germplasm System, all seed requests should be sent to the corresponding author.Seed deposited in the National Plant Germplasm System will be available for research purposes after plant breeder's rights are terminated or in 20 years.Where this cultivar is used as a parent in the development of new cultivars, it is requested that recognition be made of its use.Commercial seed distribution rights of Canmore were granted to Canterra Seeds, Suite 201 1475 Chevrier Blvd., Winnipeg,MB,Canada R3T 1Y7,Tel: (204) Fax: (204) 487-7682, www.canterra.com.
In 2006 and 2007, J02039005 was tested in replicated multisite field tests throughout Alberta.In 2008 and 2009, J02039005 was tested in yield tests across western Canada.In 2010, 2011, and 2012, J02039005 was grown in yield trials in Alberta alongside commonly grown commercial cultivars.

Table 1 . Yield and agronomic traits of Canmore and other commercial barley cultivars in Field Crop Development Centre tests run in 2010, 2011, and 2012 at Calmar, Lacombe (high fertility, low fertility, and late seeding), Morrin, Olds (2010 and 2011 only), and Trochu, AB, Canada.
† Amount of seed (by weight) retained over a screen with slot size of 2.44 mm.‡ Lodging was measured at Lacombe (high fertility 2011 and 2012, low fertility 2011 and 2012, late seeding 2011 and 2012), Olds and Morrin in 2011, and Trochu in 2012 using the stage-percent scale

Table 3 . Grain yield and agronomic traits of Canmore and barley check cultivars from the 2010 and 2011 Western Cooperative Two-row Barley Registration Tests.
Data from 2010 to 2012 from tests run at Lacombe, AB. ‡ Correlation of the original calibration set.NA = not applicable.

Table 4 . Continued. Table 5. Pearling, Koji and shochu traits of Canmore compared to AC Metcalfe from samples grown in Canada in 2010 and 2011 with analyses done in Japan by Sanwa Shurui Co., Ltd. Means with SD in parenthesis.
† SKCS, single-kernel characterization system.‡ 1-to-5 scale, where 1 = good and 5 = bad.