Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.

Violin plots of the tar spot complex (TSC) scores in the (a) Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) association-mapping panel, Pop1, Pop2, and Pop3 and in (b) subgroups of the DTMA association-mapping panel. The black bars inside the plot represent the first and third quartiles, and white dots represent the median. The width of the plot represents probability density of the data at different values.

 


Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.

Frequency distribution of minor alleles in the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) panel and Pop1 for (a) DTMA panel before filter, (b) DTMA panel after filter, (c) Pop1 before filter, and (d) Pop1 after filter.

 


Fig. 3.
Fig. 3.

Association mapping for tar spot complex (TSC) resistance in the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) panel: (a) Manhattan plot, the y-axis represents the P-value of the marker–trait association on a −log10 scale. The horizontal line indicates the genome-wide significance threshold false discovery rate (FDR = 0.05); (b) quantile–quantile plot, the x-axis represents the expected −log10 (p), y-axis represents the observed −log10 (p); (c) association-mapping results of chromosome 8; (d) association-mapping results of the significant associated region on chromosome 8.

 


Fig. 4.
Fig. 4.

Genomic prediction accuracy (rMG) of tar spot complex (TSC) resistance in the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) panel, Pop1, Pop2, and Pop3. Ten thousand randomly selected SNPs without missing data and minor allele frequencies (MAFs) >0.05 were used for prediction in the DTMA panel. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the genetic map were used for genomic prediction in the three biparental doubled-haploid populations.

 


Fig. 5.
Fig. 5.

Genomic prediction accuracy (rMG) of tar spot complex (TSC) resistance in the Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA) panel and Pop1 with different training population size and marker density: (a) DTMA panel, the number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) varied from 200 to 10000; (b) DTMA panel, training population size ranged from 10 to 90% of the total population size with an interval of 10%; (c) Pop1, the number of SNPs varied from 200 to 20000; (d) Pop1, training population size ranged from 10 to 90% of the total population size with an interval of 10%.